SELAMAT HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI

Assalamualaikum kepada semua pelajar As-Sharifah..
- selamat berpuasa dengan sempurna
- selamat menghadapi peperiksaan percubaan PMR dan SPM
- selamat menghadapi peperiksaan akhir tahun
- semuga mendapat keputusan yang cemerlang
- dan... SELAMAT HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI, MAAF ZAHIR BATIN, raya nanti jemputlah datang ke rumah.. selepas hari raya ketiga.
- salam kepada semua keluarga anda...

ICT F4 - 3.1.1 : Network & Communication

3.1.1.1 - Define computer networks.

COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.

Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources.

A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections.

When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.

3.1.1.2 - Define communications.

COMMUNICATIONS

Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver.

Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere.

The information that is transmitted (sent) can be text, voice, sound, video, graphics and images, or a combination of all these, which we call multimedia.

We transmit information or data by using two types of signals, namely analog and digital.

Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms of communications technology, such as telephones and radios, use analog signals.

Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator, which we call – a modem.

The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator,

converts digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the telephone line.

CONNECTIONS FOR NETWORKING

Communications among computing devices in a network can only happen through defined rules of communications and connections. In general, for communications in a network to be possible, there must be:

a physical medium – to allow data to travel across it from device to device

a set of rules called protocols to ensure that interconnected computing devices have the same standards for exchange of information to occur smoothly.

a system application for managing network information flow to ensure that data transmission sent from one device is received by the intended receiver.

If any of these levels of connectivity is missing, communications for networking will not be possible.

For example, if the physical medium is cut off, there will be no communications.

If protocol between interconnected devices are not the same, data transmission will not be ‘understood’ between devices. If there is no network management application available, there will be no means of ensuring that information from one device will be sent to the correct receiving device.

Protocol Often simply referred to as a protocol, a communications protocol is a set of rules or standards designed so that computers can exchange information with a minimal errors.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIONS

In order for a network to properly operate, two categories of network

communications components are needed; ‘Hardware’ and ‘Software’.

Computers, hub, switch, router, network interface cards and both

wired and wireless communications media fall under the ‘Hardware’

category.

Operating systems and applications fall under the ‘Software’ category.

NETWORK COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

Signals which carry information in a communications system travel through a physical medium.

This physical medium is called a communications channel, or at

other times a communications link, a communications line, or a communications medium.

Some common types of network communications channels are the:

twisted-pair wire

coaxial cable

fiber-optic cable

satelite systems

wireless systems (namely using radiowaves, microwaves and infrared)

NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS AND NETWORKING DEVICES

The Network Interface Card or NIC is one of the most important communications devices for a PC.

The NIC provides connection between the computer and the

network’s communications media.

This connection is necessary because the NIC functions as a data conversion device to move data from the PC’s system to the network medium and vice versa.

The Network Interface Card also supplies the basic addressing system used to get data from PC to PC across a network.

The other hardware component that is required for communications to work on a network is the networking device, such as the hub, switch, router and even the modem.

The function of these devices is generally to control the flow of data on a network.

NETWORK SOFTWARE

How do computers communicate on a network?

Once we have got the necessary hardware set up for a network, we will need to have suitable software on the network computers that would be able to provide some basic functions, such as connecting to other computers on the network, sharing resources and files and providing for network security for users who are online.

In general, a network software must be able to handle networking protocols and connections within the network and with other networks. Most importantly, it should also provide file systems functions to organise disk space on the network computers for sharing purposes.

Since most computer networks are connected to the Internet, a network software must have some form of management and security services to protect the network as well as computers on the network, from unauthorised access.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE: ADVANCED FEATURES OF PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

Networking and communications technology is fast changing the way people view society and how we plan our daily social activities.

Through networking technology alone, many today are finding friends online, visiting a library in another country. Some people are able to go to the banks after they are closed, as well as getting the latest development in news from within and outside the country.

Mobile communications today is also based on the networking technology. Surfing the internet is not only limited to the desktop computer users but also those who have mobile phones with wireless technology. At present there are more than 7 million such users across the world.

The internet has helped science and medical research progress further as doctors and researchers from anywhere in the world can contribute and cooperate in any problem brought to their attention. Technological solutions can be discovered quickly as individuals come forward to offer their help through the internet.

Homemakers, students, teachers, business people, and almost anyone with access to networked computer go online and continue their path of lifelong education anywhere, anytime.

Organisations and individuals can make connections and establish communications within seconds with people nearby or overseas. Online communities can be formed and important issues and opinions to difficult problems can be discussed without a threatening environment.

All these are now possible because of networks and communications technology.

IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Information is now made easy with the availability of network communications.

In a clinic for example, network communications plays an important part in keeping patients’ database for easy retrieval. Unlike in conventional practice, doctors and nurses have to look for a patient’s personal file from hundreds or maybe thousands of records. With network communication, the clinic saves time and manpower allocation can be effectively planned.

E-Business

E-business or electronic business refers to conducting business transactions on the internet, not only limited to buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners.

E-business supports many types of business transactions, including online shopping, selling and renting. Users can browse the website and choose from the list of items or services to buy. Payment is usually via credit card.

Online Education

With a network connections, online education is made possible. Students at any location around the world can participate in an online classroom, download tutorial questions and submit their assignments.

E-Banking

E-banking or electronic banking is the most popular banking facility nowadays. It handles all types of banking transactions like account management, fund transfer and payments primarily over the internet.

User can pay bills, check the account balance and transfer money to other parties, using e-banking facilities twenty four hours a day and seven days a week.

With e-banking, most of the transactions can be done at home or from the office, thus users save time on traveling and queuing at the bank counters.

Long Distance Communication

Long distance communication is made easy via network availability. Communication is possible via voice, text or video. The cost of having this type of communication is cheaper than making a normal phone call and definitely faster and more effective than corresponding via letters of fax.

In business, important decisions can effectively made through video conference meeting.

ICT F4 : MMedia - 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4

4.1.1 - DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia has been used in many aspects in our lives, for example in the field of business, entertainment and the sciences. “Multimedia” comes from the word “multi” and “media”.“Multi” means various. “Media” refers to any hardware or software used for communicating.

These are some examples of hardware and software that we use in communicating with others.

Examples of hardware are: the radio, television, computer and mobile phone.

Examples of software are: email, Yahoo Messenger, Multimedia Message Service (MMS) and video conferencing.

The usage of text, audio, graphic, video and animation are all involved in

describing media. So, multimedia is the presentation of information by using a combination of text, audio, graphic, video and animation.

4.1.2 – Multimedia in Various Fields

MORE MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Multimedia has played an important role in other fields, such as business, arts, medicine and engineering.

In business, multimedia applications are used in advertising products.

Many companies nowadays develop and distribute catalogues in the form of a CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumers.

In art, artists use multimedia elements by combining drawing and animation.

In medicine, doctors can practice or be trained in performing high-risk

surgery by using virtual surgery.

In engineering, Computer-Aided Design or CAD is used. By using this application, engineers can view the design from many aspects and improve on it before production.

EXTENSION : MULTIMEDIA FOR THOSE WITH LOW VISION

Multimedia applications have greatly benefited those with low vision as it helps them in performing tasks normally in their daily lives.

Users who have vision problems, can use the multimedia for their educational and rehabilitation program to improve their lives.

4.1.3 – Interactivity of Multimedia

INTERACTIVITY

If you use the first multimedia application, the content progresses without you having to control the flow of the movie. Your only control is to press the “play” and the “stop” buttons.

This interaction is called linear interactivity.

On the other hand, the second multimedia application allows you to decide which part you would like to view, or how much you want to know about the content.

This interaction is named non-linear interactivity.

WHAT IS INTERACTIVITY?

Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a multimedia application or program.

How does a user control the content of a multimedia application? The user can use input devices such as a keyboard, joystick, mouse and touch screen to interact with the application through the computer.

The content of the application provided, determines the interactivity for the user. An example is film that does not allow the user to control the content.

Another example is a computer game. It allows the user to use the left and right arrow keys to control the movement of the game.

WHAT IS LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?

In linear interactivity, the user interacts with the multimedia application without controlling the progress of the content.

In other words, the user is a passive receiver of the multimedia content most of the time.

The linear content is usually arranged in sequence. An example of the

multimedia linear content is a movie.

Although a movie uses a combination of audio, graphics and animations,

the user has no control over the sequence of events.

WHAT IS NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?

Unlike linear interactivity, non-linear interactivity allows the user to interact with the content according to what the user wants from the content. In other words, it is a two-way communication.

The user can control the progress and sequence of the multimedia content by using buttons or links.

Non-linear interactivity uses tools like “hypertext” to connect a word or a phrase to another screen.

An electronic book with links to another screen is considered as having

non-linear multimedia content.

Hypermedia is also used in non-linear interactivity. This tool is similar to hypertext. However, it connects to different media elements such as audio and video.

EXTENSION : NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY AND VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual Reality is the best example of multimedia technology which uses non-linear interactivity.

Advanced virtual reality systems today allow users to respond and interact in many ways to its virtual surroundings.

In learning Geography, virtual reality can recreate places and environment for you to interact with. Viewing exploration programs, like Discovery and Animal Planet will be even more interesting.

This is because you will be able to enter different environments virtually and interact with your surroundings. You can learn at your own pace and level of understanding.

4.1.4 – Medium of Delivery

COMMON MEDIUMS

Generally, there are two very common mediums used in delivering multimedia contents.

First, multimedia can be delivered through Web pages. Thus, this kind of content is said to be a Web-based multimedia.

Secondly, multimedia can be delivered through compact discs. Therefore, the multimedia content is said to be a CD-based multimedia.

WEB-BASED MULTIMEDIA

Web-based multimedia is a combination of multimedia technology and Internet technology. Web-based multimedia is popular nowadays.

In the past, Web pages were filled only with static texts and graphics as there were problems in downloading large multimedia files through the Internet.

Downloading a video file could take a long time as it is large.

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN THE INTERNET

Now, with the advancement of both technologies, most Web pages

integrate elements like text, graphic, audio, video and animation.

These dynamic elements make the process of distributing information through the Internet more interesting and effective to the user.

There are a lot of multimedia software including plug-ins, players and

browsers used in the Internet. These software allow better quality multimedia programs to be stored and viewed.

Apart from using the software, the quality of a multimedia program received will still depend on the Internet facilities that the user has.

CD-BASED MULTIMEDIA

CDs like CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) have been used to store and deliver multimedia content.

CDs are usually used with computers. An improvement of the CD-ROM is the Blu-ray disc which can store better quality video.

However, the main problem in using CD-ROMs as a medium is that, it can be costly as it takes a long time to produce a complete multimedia program.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEB-BASED AND CD-BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

There are some differences between Web-based and CD-based multimedia applications. Ask your teacher ….

EXTENSION : INTERACTIVE TV

Interactive television is the use of digital television to deliver high definition multimedia content to the user.

When a user wants to watch interactive television content, the user would

download it from the Internet.

An example of interactive television is Apple TV. In order to subscribe to Apple TV services, a client needs to have a widescreen TV, a Mac or a PC, an Internet connection, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) cable and the software, iTunes 7.

Interactive TV or iTV does not only allow users to change channels but also to interact with the content of a tv program.

PERHATIAN - GURU SMKASR

Kepada semua guru As-Sharifah ..
Satu kursus / in-house training akan diadakan pada ketentuan berikut :
Tarikh : Khamis (28 Ogos 2008)
Masa : 2.30 petang
Tempat : Makmal Komputer Al-Farabi (atas)
Tajuk : Blog (Blogspot)
Fasilitator : Abdul Aziz b Mohd Yunos, Murnizah Mokhtarudin, Maslizah Aziz.
Semua guru digalakkan (diwajibkan ?) hadir.
Sekian, terima kasih.

ICTL-F2 : CYBER LAW

What is Cyber Law?

Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and other online communication technologies.

NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW

In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of

government data placed on the Internet.

These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in online activities.

THE CYBER LAW ACTS IN MALAYSIA

The Malaysian Government has already passed several cyber laws to control and reduce the Internet abuse.

These cyber laws include:

· Digital Signature Act 1997

· Computer Crimes Act 1997

· Telemedicine Act 1997

· Communications and Multimedia Act 1998

Beside these cyber laws, there are three other cyber laws being drafted.

· Private Data Protection Bill

· Electronic Government Activities Bill

· Electronic Transactions Bill

F1 : ICTL TEST 3 - 2008

ICTL TEST 3 (FORM 1) will be on :
Tuesday (12 August 2008)
Time : 8.15 pm
Place : As-Sharifah Hall
Please bring pencil and eraser only. All answers must be stated in the question paper.
Good luck.

ictl F2 : 2.5 - Internet Communication

INTERNET COMMUNICATION

Various form of Internet Communication :

Email

Chatting

Conferencing (audio & video)

Net meeting

Newsgroup

Forum

Peripheral used for communication :

Web camera

Microphone

Earphone

Email : How to

Register email ?

Send messages

Attach files

Receive / Retrieve messages

Delete / Save messages

ICTL F2 : 2.4 - Netiquette

Netiquette, is the convention on electronic forums (Usenet, mailing lists, live chat, and Internet forums) to facilitate efficient interaction. Internet phenomena, the concept and its application remain in a state of flux, and vary from community to community. The points most strongly emphasized about USENET, netiquette often include avoiding cross-posting, using simple electronic signatures, and other techniques used to minimize the effort required to read a post. Netiquette guidelines posted by IBM for employees utilizing Second Life in an official capacity, however, focus on basic professionalism, maintaining a tenable work environment, and protecting IBM's intellectual property. Similarly, some Usenet guidelines call for use of unabbreviated English while users of online chat protocols like IRC and instant messaging protocols like SMS often encourage trends in the opposite direction.

ICTL - F2 : 2.3 - Search Engine & Function

Search Engine :

A search engine is an information retrieval system designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Search engines help to minimize the time required to find information and the amount of information which must be consulted, akin to other techniques for managing information overload.

The most public, visible form of a search engine is a Web search engine which searches for information on the World Wide Web.

Function :

Search engines provide an interface to a group of items that enables users to specify criteria about an item of interest and have the engine find the matching items. The criteria are referred to as a search query. In the case of text search engines, the search query is typically expressed as a set of words that identify the desired concept that one or more documents may contain

Examples :

Yahoo

Google

Alta vista

Hot bot

Task :

1. Find what is central processing unit (cpu) – copy & paste in MS Word

2. Find images of : monkey, bird, fish, map of Australia, car & motor bike – copy & paste them into MS Word

3. Download any video

4. Download any audio

ICTL - F1 : SPREDSHEET - W/SHEET RENAME & GREDING

How to Rename Worksheet ?
1. Right click at taskbar Sheet 1, click Rename.
2. Type the new name wanted, enter.

Greding :
1. Make mark scale : 0-E, 50-D, 60-C, 70-B, 80-A.
2. Put the pointer at cell that we want to set gred.
3. Click fx (function wizard).
4. Click arrow, choose All.
5. Select function, choose VLookup, then OK.
6. At Lookup Value, click the first mark.
7. At Table Array, highlight mark scale, then press F4.
8. At Col.Index Num, type 2, then OK.
9. Copy the formulae to the other marks.

ICT - F5 : Extra Notes 3

VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP)
Protocols used to carry voice signals over the IP network are commonly referred to as Voice over IP or VoIP. VoIP is one of the Internet technologies that allows a user to make telephone calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
VoIP is a method for taking analog audio signals and turning them into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet.

VoIP SERVICES

There are three different VoIP services in common use today. They are Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA), IP Phones and computer-to-computer.

ANALOG TELEPHONE ADAPTER (ATA)
The simplest and most common way is through the use of a device called an Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA). The ATA allows you to connect a standard phone to your computer or your Internet connection for use with VoIP.

The ATA is an analog-to-digital converter. It takes the analog signal from your traditional phone and converts it into digital data for transmission over the Internet.
Skype, one VoIP provider, offers free calling locally and between members, and inexpensive long-distance calls to other numbers.

IP PHONES
IP Phones look just like normal phones with a handset, a cradle and buttons. IP Phones have an RJ-45 Ethernet connector instead of the standard RJ-11 phone connectors.
IP Phones connect directly to your router and have all the necessary hardware and software onboard to handle the IP Call. Soon, WiFi IP phones will be available, allowing subscribing callers to make VoIP calls from any WiFi hot spot.

COMPUTER-TO-COMPUTER
Computer-to-computer is certainly the easiest way to use VoIP. Devices needed to place a computer-to-computer Internet telephone call:

Software, a microphone, speakers or headphones, a sound card and an Internet connection preferably a fast one like you would get through a cable or DSL modem.
Except for your normal monthly ISP fee, there is usually no charge for computer-to-computer calls, no matter what the distance.

ADVANTAGES OF VoIP

As VoIP is digital, it may offer features and services that are not available with a traditional phone. If you have a broadband Internet connection, you need not maintain and pay the additional cost for a line just to make telephone calls.

With many VoIP plans you can talk for as long as you want with any person in the world. You can also talk with many people at the same time without any additional cost.

DISADVANTAGES OF VoIP
Some VoIP services do not work during power failures and the service provider may not offer backup power.
Not all VoIP services connect directly to emergency services. VoIP providers may or may not offer directory assistance or white page listings.
As VoIP uses an Internet connection, it is susceptible to all the problems normally associated with home broadband services.

Phone conversations can become distorted, garbled or lost because of transmission errors. Some kind of stability in Internet data transfer needs to

be guaranteed before VoIP could truly replace traditional phones.

VoIP is susceptible to worms, viruses and hacking, although this is very rare and VoIP developers are working on VoIP encryption to counter this.

ICT - F5 : Extra Notes 2

INTERNET SERVICES :
BLOGGING

A blog (web log or weblog) is one of the popular activities on the Internet. Most of these blogs are publicly shared and the authors frequently update the content on a regular basis.
A blog is usually referred to the text produced by the author about his or her thoughts, experiences or interests.
A blog is usually referred to the text produced by the author about his or her thoughts, experiences or interests.
The world of blogging is referred as blogosphere. Another new term is the blogonomics, which refers to people using the blogosphere to generate money.
The posts to a blog are usually arranged in this order, the most recent entries will always be on top of the journal.

To write a good blog, you need to remember these principles:

use a consistent writing style and appropriate tone for your subject
post often, though your posts are short
allow your readers to eave you comments on your posts

If you would like to search some blogs, you can visit blogarama.com

(www.blogarama.com), which categorises blogs into directories. Following are several top blogging resources you should check out:

Blogger (www.blogger.com) - owned by Google, one of the free and easiest to maintain blogging tool.
TypePad (www.typepad.com) - the blog tool that provides more functionality for a minimal fee.
Movable Type (www.movabletype.org) - if you have your own domain site and want to put several blogs together, this is the best choice
Wordpress (wordpress.org) - an open source blogging tool that needs a bit of coding to make your blogs more interesting

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

The World Wide Web or the Web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents.

Each electronic document on the Web is called a web page which can contain text, graphics, audio and video.

These pages are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Every website has an address or Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The URL is formed by the protocol, domain, directory and the document name.

EMAIL

An electronic mail or email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network.

A user utilises an email program to create, send, receive, forward, store, print and delete email messages.

Some emails are called web-based email like Yahoo Mail and Hotmail.

THE INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC)
The Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a system for chatting that involves a set of rules and conventions, and client/server software.
A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer. A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat with each other.
Anyone in the chat room can participate in the conversation, which usually is specific to a particular topic.

SEARCH ENGINES
Search engines are special websites on the Internet to help you find information you need. Different search engines will serve different purposes, for example:

Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/) is for searching authoritative and scholarly sites.
Google (http://www.google.com/) is for searching valuable or relevant sites with rankings.
Yahoo News (http://dailynews.yahoo.com) is for searching opinions on current issues.
Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org/) it is an open source for encyclopedia

ICTL - F2 - TEST 3 - 2008

To all Form 2 students (Subject ICTL) :
Test 3 for subject ICTL will be done on 4 th August 2008 at As-Sharifah Hall at 8 pm.
All form 2 students are compulsory to attend.
Please bring objective sheet and pencil only.
Test will taken for one hour.
Tq. 2ndJuly2008, 1110.

ICTL - F2 : 1.3 - TOPOLOGY

BUS TOPOLOGY
In communications technology, you think of a bus as a common “highway” on which data is transmitted. A bus refers to the main physical pathway or central cable where all other devices are connected to it. Like a major motor highway, all traffic flow will be affected if this main “road” is broken.

A bus topology consists of a single central cable to which all computers and other devices connect. A bus topology is also known as a bus network.

RING TOPOLOGY
A ring topology consists of all computers and other devices that are connected in a loop. Ring topology is also known as a ring network.
A ring network can be found in Local Area Networks. In a ring network each node
directly connect to two neighbouring nodes.
A server may exist in a ring network, but it will not connect to all the nodes in the network.The server, like other nodes, will only communicate to its two neighbouring nodes.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In the early days of computer networking, all computers were connected to a centralised mainframe computer.
All resources and management of information were centred in this main computer.
The idea of a centralised mainframe computer is where the basic concept of a star topology comes from.

A star topology consists of a central host which acts as the centre, and all nodes connect to the host. A star topology is also known as star network.

ICTL - F2 - 2.3 - Internet Applications.

What is WWW ?

WWW is World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web or the Web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents.
Each electronic document on the Web is called a web page which can contain text, graphics, audio and video.

These pages are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

Every website has an address or Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The URL is formed by the protocol, domain, directory and the document name.

Web Browsers ?
- is the applications that use to access internet.
- examples of web browsers : (MINAMOZ)
- Mozilla
- Internet Explorer
- Netscape Navigator
- Avant
- Maxthon
- Opera
- Mozilla Firefox
+ Safari
+ Godzilla

ICTL - F1 - Spreadsheet & Task

Spreadsheet (MS Excel) :
- one of the MS Office
- use cell
- Activity :
1) State the steps to launch spreadsheet software
2) Launch a spreadsheet application
3) State and identify features in spreadsheet application and demonstrate understanding of user interface State the main toolbars in spreadsheet software
4) List icons in standard, formatting, formula and chart toolbars.
5) Create a new worksheet using spreadsheet software
6) Enter data into new worksheet
7) Copy, Cut, Paste and Delete data
8) Save the worksheet

- Toolbar : Standard bar
Formatting bar
Formula bar
Chart bar

- Formula : Sum (autoSum)
Average
Grading (VLookup)
Percentage (%)
Ranking

- Task : Make one Mark Sheet - mid year exam 2008 consist :

No Name BM BI M3 KH Sc PAI GEO SEJ PS TOTAL AVERAGE % GRADING

using skills that you have learn. Save as, name of file : ResultMY08. Duration : 1 week.


Revision :

1. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS & PROCESSORS USED
TYPES OF COMPUTERS :

1. Supercomputer

2. Mainframe

3. Mini Computer

4. Micro Computer

5. Work Station

2. COMPUTER PARTS & COMPONENTS

MAIN COMPONENTS IN COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Monitor

2. Keyboard

3. Speaker

4. Mouse

5. System unit

6. printer

3. BLOCK CYCLE DIAGRAM :

1. Input

2. Process

3. Output

4. Storage

4. TYPES OF PERIPHERALS :

1. Input devices
2. Output devices
3. Storage devices

5. DATA MEASUREMENT

1. Bit

A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long or in most cases one modem PC byte.

2. Byte
3. Kilobyte
4. Megabyte
5. Gigabyte

ICT - F4 : 3.0 - NW & COMM & DEVICES & TYPES & CLIENT SERVER

3.0 : COMPUTER NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION

COMPUTER NETWORK ?

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.
Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections.
When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.

COMMUNICATIONS ?

Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver.Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere. The information that is transmitted (sent) can be text, voice, sound, video, graphics and images, or a combination of all these, which we call multimedia.

We transmit information or data by using two types of signals, namely analog and digital. Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms of communications technology, such as telephones and radios, use analog signals.

Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator, which we call – a modem.
The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator, converts digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the telephone line.

In order for a network to properly operate, two categories of network communications components are needed; ‘Hardware’ and ‘Software’. Computers, hub, switch, router, network interface cards and both wired and wireless communications media fall under the ‘Hardware’ category. Operating systems and applications fall under the ‘Software’ category.

NETWORKING DEVICES ?

1. NIC (Network Interface Card)
2. Wireless Network Interface Card
3. Internal Modem
4. External Modem
5. Hub
6. Switch
7. Router
8. Wireless AP (Access Point)

TYPES OF NETWORKS
Three types of networks:
LAN - the email system within the school lab in SMK KL
MAN - the email system within KL city
WAN - the email system between KL and London

CLIENT/SERVER ?

A client/server network is a network in which the shared files and applications are stored in the server but network users (clients) can still store files on their individual PCs.
A server is a computer that shares information and resources with other computers on a network. A client is a computer which requests services or files from a server computer.

CLIENT ?

The client computers are computers on the network that rely on the server for its resources and services.
Client computers send requests to a server for resources or services to perform their job. For example, a client computer can send a request asking permission to use the printer attached to the server, to print a document.
Usually a client computer has to log onto the network using a user name and password to use the server’s resources and services.

For example, you have to be a TMnet or Jaring member to use the internet service. You need to logon to TMnet or Jaring’s server by sending your username and password.

SERVER ?

A server is sometimes called a host computer. A server is a computer that provides services to other computers called clients. A server controls access to the hardware, software and other resources on the network.
It provides a centralised storage area for programs, data and information.

PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK ?

Peer-to-peer or P2P network is a network with all the nodes acting as both servers and clients. A PC can access files located on another PC and can also provide files to other PCs.
All computers in the peer-to-peer network has equal responsibilities and capabilities to use the resources available on the network.
With peer-to-peer network, no server is needed; each computer in the network is called a peer.