Form4:1.1.2.2 State the differences between computerized and non- computerized systems

LESSON 4
COMPUTERISED AND NON-COMPUTERISED SYSTEMS

COMPUTER SYSTEM

A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it becomes an organised and established procedure. A system typically consists of components connected together in order to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.

A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software which processes data in a meaningful way.

EDUCATION
• education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills
• it also imparts knowledge, good judgement and wisdom

BANKING SYSTEM

BANKING BEFORE ICT
• banking was done manually by taking deposits directly
• transactions can only be made during working hours
• takes time to approve any loan applications

BANKING WITH ICT
• all transactions are done by computers
• transaction can be done at anytime and place
• online services, phone banking system, credit cards are available

INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY BEFORE ICT
Production was slow because everything was done manually and totally depended on human labour.

INDUSTRY WITH ICT
Computers and telecommunications industry became very opular and profitable since production can be increased through an all day operation.

COMMERCE

Commerce is an activity of exchanging, buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place.

COMMERCE BEFORE ICT
• Trading was made using the barter system and it was then later developed
into currency.
• Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth, billboards and printed
flyers.
• Trading globally was extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find
ways to market local products in the global market.

COMMERCE WITH ICT
E-commerce plays an important role in the economic scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and servicing products that are done electronically.

Form 1H : NAME LIST & graphic

STUDENT 1 HABSAH :

1. ANIS NABIHAH BAHARUDIN
2. ZULAIKHA AZMAN
3. NURFARAHNAZ ISMAIL
4. NUR SALEHA ISMAIL
5. NUR AIDA NAJIHAH ISMAIL NAJIB
6. SUHAILA ABDUL HALIM SHAH
7. NOR NAJIHAH ABD MUTALIB
8. NORSYAHIRAH BAHARUDIN
9. NURUL HASYIMAH KARIM
10. NURFATEHAH NAILAH MOHD NIZAM
11. NURUL SYUHADAH MAZLI
12. NUR SYAKIRA TAHIR
13. JASMIN ZAINAL
14. LATIFAH MASTURA ABD RAZAK
15. SITI NURNAJWA HASHIM
16. NORHIDAYU ZAKARIA
17. ADIBAH IMANI MOHAMAD
18. SITI NURAMEERA FARAHIN MOHD SAID
19. NUR IZZATI NAJIHAH ABD HAFIDZ
20. NAJIHAH MOHD FAUZI
21. NUR ATHIRAH MOHD SUHAIMI
22. UMMI SORAYYA BAHARAM
23. NOR QUZAIMAH ROSLI
24. NURUL NAJIAH AZMAN
25. NUR SYAMIMI ABD WAHAB
26. NOR SYAHIRA ISA

Form2 - 2A, 2K, 2S, 2H, 2F - Homework January

All students Form 2A, 2K, 2S, 2H, 2F - please do this homework in ICTL exercise book during ChiNewYear holiday, :

1. Fill in the blank with the terms given : DATABASE BAR, DATABASE WINDOW BAR, OBJECT BAR, ICON BAR, TITLE BAR.

2. Build one profile table about your family. Named the table "MyFamily Data". That table must have fields : Number, Name, Gender, IC, Age, Hobby.

Save this file in your thumbdrive and summit on 2nd Feb 2009 (Monday). TQ.

Form1H & 1S : Revision Chapter 1 - Whole Number

All students 1S & 1H - please finish these homework during ChiNewYear holiday, tq :

1. Round off 2 839 to the nearest ten.

2. Given the five whole numbers, 1 234, 1 324, 1 423, 1 342, 1 432, what is the difference between the largest and the smallest number?

3. 275 375 becomes 275 000 after being rounded off to the nearest _____________

4. There are 9 632 based in a box. 4 760 of them are red, 1 327 are yellow and the rest are blue. How many blue beads are there?

5. Round off 37 774 to the nearest thousand.

6. State the place value of 8 in the number 8 320 179

7. There are 300 workers in a factory. The workers are divided equality into 12 teams. If 4 teams are on duty, how many workers are there on duty at night?

8. In a sport match, each team has 20 players. if 13 teams take part in that sports match, how many players are there?

9. Find the remainder when 3525 is divided by 6

10. Micheal has 264 toy cars in his collection. His younger brother has 80 more than him. What is the total number of toy cars collected by both of them ?

Form 1H & 1S : Maths - Exercises

Student 1 S & 1 H :
Please open text book page 18, and do question no. 6, 7, 8 in Book 1. That's all. Pass up on Monday after CNYear.

Form2 : Database (MS Access) - Note & printing

Form2 : MS Access (Database)

Step to create table :

1. Open MS Access
2. Create a new file
3. Blank database
4. Save file
5. Design view
6. Insert data
7. Set primary key
8. Close, save – table name
9. Insert data / record
10. Save again

Exercise :

Answer question, exercise Modul 2 (page 19) :
Print and paste in student’s exercise book
- print database – Cocuriculum data 2S
- table – Cocuriculum data 2S


How to Print (Database) :
1. Open database file
2. Push Print Screen / Prt Scr (keyboard)
3. Open MS Word
4. Paste - ctr V / Edit then paste
5. Open Table (database file)
6. Push Print Screen / Prt Scr (keyboard)
7. Open MS Word
8. Paste - ctr V / Edit then paste
9. Setup margin - database and table display in one page
Clic file, page setup, clic margin, change top to 0.4, change bottom to 0.4, OK.
10. Save in your thumbdrive and print

Form4 : 1.1.2.1 Exercise

Exercise :
1. Give the 2 advantages of ICT in education
2. Give the 2 advantages of ICT in banking
3. Give the 2 advantages of ICT in e-commerce
4. Give the 2 advantages of ICT in industry

Form4 : 1.1.2.1 - Usage of ICT in everyday life

USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE

EDUCATION

Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in the classroom for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students, researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.

BANKING

The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world. It functions to control the entire banking system that also includes 'Electronic Banking Services'.

Electronic banking provides 24 hour services. The services include :

• Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
• Cheque Deposit
• Electronic Fund Tranfer
• Direct Deposit
• Pay by phone system
• Personal computer banking/ internet banking


In the banking sector, customers, businessman and bank administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.
INDUSTRY

Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector.In the industrial sector ,workers, researchers and administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.
E-COMMERCE

E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier, more efficient and faster. For this application, computers, Internet and shared software are needed.


In the e-commerce sector ,customers r, suppliers and employees benefits from the usage of ICT.

Form2 : 8.0 - Database Software

Meaning of database :
A database is the computer equivalent of an
organized list of information. Typically, this information has a common subject or purpose, such as the list of employees, phonebook guide or a classmates address book.

Microsoft Access 2003 (Access 2003) is a database system management (database programs). It can store, manage, manipulate, analyze, retrieve, display or publish information from database.

Table :
A collection of records that identify a category of data, such as Customers, Orders, or Inventory. Data inside a table is arrange by column name field and row named Record.
- Field – A single characteristic or attribute of a person, place, object, event, or idea.
- Record – A set of related field values.
Form :
Use to enter new information, to edit or remove existing information or to locate information.
Query :
Used to locate information, to view, change or analyze it in various ways. A select query retrieves data from one or more tables and displays the result in datasheet. A select query can be used to group record and calculate sums, counts, averages and other types of totals.
Report :
Typically used to summarize, organize and analyze information in order to express a particular point of view to specific audience.

PRIMARY KEY :
means the value in the primary key fields is need to uniquely identify each record; that’s no record can have the same value in this field.

Form4 IR (2010) : 1.1.1.1 Define ICT - notes

What is ICT ?
is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, pricess, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.

Information :
refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.
The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.
We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.
Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example, forecasting the stock exchange market.

Communication :
is an act or transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols, performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these 'older' forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of the Internet, e-mail or video conferencing.
Communication is important in order to gain knowledge. With knowledge, we are more confident in expressing our thoughts and ideas.

Technology :
is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and products that fulfill human needs.
is vital in communication.

Aiding Communication
- telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending communication.

Spreading Information
- to broadcast information such as news or weather reports effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used.

Form4 : Exercise 1.1.1.1

Exercise :
1. ICT means .......................................
2. What are the requirements of ICT ? Give 3 requirements.
3. State 3 tools of information transmition.
4. Describe the purpose of information.
5. Give 3 technology of communication.
6. State 2 aids to extend communication.
7. What are the tools that can be used to spread information?

Form5 : Exercise 5.1.1 (Program & Prg Language)

Exercise (5.1.1 - Program & Programming Language) :
Q1 : State the definition of program and give 3 examples of program.
Q2 : What is programming language and state 3 examples of program language.
Q3 : Give 2 differentiations between program and programming language.

Form2 : Exercise (Database software)

Date :
Day :

Exercise :
1. What is database ?
2. Give 3 examples of database software.
3. State 3 usages of database software.
4. Make one table with 10 information as the example of database software : field-6, information-10.

Form2 : Database Software

A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. The structure is achieved by organizing the data according to a database model. The model in most common use today is the relational model. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships.

A database management system (DBMS) is computer software that manages databases. DBMSes may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.

The usages of Database Software :

Easy to find information

Can get information fast

Can get complete information

Data : (not process)

- refers to a collection of facts usually collected as the result of experience, observation or experiment, or processes within a computer system, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. Data is often viewed as a lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived.

- is like raw material. It is not organized ad has little value.

- There can be text data, number or numerical data, image data, audio data and video data.

Information : (processed)

- as a concept has a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.

- is organized data that is valuable and meaningful to a specific user.

- An information system is a set of related components that collects data, processes data and provides information. Collect data – process data – provide information.

Form5 : 5.1.4 – Translator

TRANSLATOR

Sometimes two people cannot understand each other because they don’t speak the same language. So they need the help of a third person who understands both languages. This third person is known as a translator.

All software packages or programs are written in high-level languages, for example, C++, Visual Basic and Java.

However, in order for the computer to be able to carry out the instructions, the high-level languages must be translated into machine language before the computer can understand and execute the instructions in the program.

The translation of high level languages to machine language is performed by a translator.

PROGRAM

Have you ever wondered how your computer runs your favourite software?

Your favourite software is a program that consists of several instructions that perform its operation.

A programmer will write a source code which consists of the instructions

needed to run a program. Then the compiler or interpreter with assembler will translates the source code into machine language which is made of a sequence of bits (eg. 01100011).

The computer will load the machine code and run the program.

ASSEMBLER

An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language — essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language — into machine language.

For example in intel 80836, the assembly language for the ’no operation’ command is NOP and its machine code representation is 10010000.

Example of assemblers are MACRO-80 Assembler and Microsoft MASM.

INTERPRETER

Interpreter is used to interpret and execute program directly from its source without compiling it first. The source code of an interpreted language is interpreted and executed in real time when the user execute it.

The interpreter will read each codes converts it to machine code and executes it line by line until the end of the program.

Examples of interpreter-based language are BASIC, Logo and Smalltalk.

COMPILER

The source code (in text format) will be converted into machine code which is a file consisting of binary machine code that can be executed on a computer. If the compiler encounters any errors, it records them in the program-listing file.

When a user wants to run the program, the object program is loaded into the memory of the computer and the program instructions begin executing.

A compiled code generally runs faster than programs based on interpreted language. Several programming languages like C++, Pascal and COBOL used compilers as their translators.

Form5 : 5.1.3 – Programming Language Approaches

PROGRAMING APPROACHES

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING EDUCATION

Structured programming often uses a top-down design model where

developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections

from top to bottom.

In the top-down design model, programs are drawn as rectangles. A top-down design means that the whole program is broken down into smaller sections that are known as modules.A program may have a module or several modules.

Structured programming is beneficial for organising and coding computer

programs which employ a hierarchy of modules. This means that control is passed downwards only through the hierarchy.

Examples of structured programming languages include Ada, Pascal and

Fortran.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

The object-oriented approach refers to a special type of programming approach that combines data with functions to create objects.

In an object-oriented program, the object have relationships with one another.

One of the earliest OOP languages is Smalltalk. Java, Visual Basic and C++ are examples of popular OOP languages.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURED AND OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Structured programming often uses a top-down design model.

The object-oriented programming approach uses objects.

Form5 : 5.1.2 – Levels & Generations of Programming Languages

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from computer’s microprocessor.

A high-level programming language is a programming language that is more abstract, easier to use, and more portable across platforms.

LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

FIRST GENERATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine language. Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computer's central processing unit can execute directly.

Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.

SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The second generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language. Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine language used to control specific computer operations.

An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics.

An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language.

Since assembly language consist of human-readable abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.

THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language,

to write instructions.

High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and

easier to read, write and maintain.Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third

generation programming languages.

FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The fourth generation programming language or non-procedural language, often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a database.

A very high-level programming language is often referred to as goal-oriented programming language because it is usually limited to a very specific

application and it might use syntax that is never used in other programming languages.

SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming languages.

FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The fifth generation programming language or visual programming

language, is also known as natural language.

Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming

environment, for creating source codes.

Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge.

People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert

spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation.

Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.

Form5 : 5.1.1 – Define Program & Programming Language

PROGRAM

A computer program is a series of organised instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computers are useless.

A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of variables (called ingredients) and a list of statements (called directions) that tell the computer what to do with the variables.

Like a recipe, a program can be written in different programming languages which may express the steps differently according to the programming language syntax, but deliver the same end result.

PROGRAMMING

Programming is a creation of a set of commands or instructions which directs a computer in carrying out a task.

Later these commands or instructions will be compiled and/or interpreted and then transformed to executable instructions that a computer or electronic device can execute or run.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to communicate with computers.

It is a language used for writing computer programs, that direct a computer to perform computation and to organise the flow of control between mechanical devices.

EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Hundreds of programming languages exist today. Each language has its own standard or rules for writing the commands and/or instructions.

Examples of programming languages are:

BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

Pascal

C

Smalltalk.

SELAMAT HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI

Assalamualaikum kepada semua pelajar As-Sharifah..
- selamat berpuasa dengan sempurna
- selamat menghadapi peperiksaan percubaan PMR dan SPM
- selamat menghadapi peperiksaan akhir tahun
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- dan... SELAMAT HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI, MAAF ZAHIR BATIN, raya nanti jemputlah datang ke rumah.. selepas hari raya ketiga.
- salam kepada semua keluarga anda...

ICT F4 - 3.1.1 : Network & Communication

3.1.1.1 - Define computer networks.

COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.

Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources.

A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections.

When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.

3.1.1.2 - Define communications.

COMMUNICATIONS

Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver.

Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere.

The information that is transmitted (sent) can be text, voice, sound, video, graphics and images, or a combination of all these, which we call multimedia.

We transmit information or data by using two types of signals, namely analog and digital.

Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms of communications technology, such as telephones and radios, use analog signals.

Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator, which we call – a modem.

The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator,

converts digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the telephone line.

CONNECTIONS FOR NETWORKING

Communications among computing devices in a network can only happen through defined rules of communications and connections. In general, for communications in a network to be possible, there must be:

a physical medium – to allow data to travel across it from device to device

a set of rules called protocols to ensure that interconnected computing devices have the same standards for exchange of information to occur smoothly.

a system application for managing network information flow to ensure that data transmission sent from one device is received by the intended receiver.

If any of these levels of connectivity is missing, communications for networking will not be possible.

For example, if the physical medium is cut off, there will be no communications.

If protocol between interconnected devices are not the same, data transmission will not be ‘understood’ between devices. If there is no network management application available, there will be no means of ensuring that information from one device will be sent to the correct receiving device.

Protocol Often simply referred to as a protocol, a communications protocol is a set of rules or standards designed so that computers can exchange information with a minimal errors.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIONS

In order for a network to properly operate, two categories of network

communications components are needed; ‘Hardware’ and ‘Software’.

Computers, hub, switch, router, network interface cards and both

wired and wireless communications media fall under the ‘Hardware’

category.

Operating systems and applications fall under the ‘Software’ category.

NETWORK COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

Signals which carry information in a communications system travel through a physical medium.

This physical medium is called a communications channel, or at

other times a communications link, a communications line, or a communications medium.

Some common types of network communications channels are the:

twisted-pair wire

coaxial cable

fiber-optic cable

satelite systems

wireless systems (namely using radiowaves, microwaves and infrared)

NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS AND NETWORKING DEVICES

The Network Interface Card or NIC is one of the most important communications devices for a PC.

The NIC provides connection between the computer and the

network’s communications media.

This connection is necessary because the NIC functions as a data conversion device to move data from the PC’s system to the network medium and vice versa.

The Network Interface Card also supplies the basic addressing system used to get data from PC to PC across a network.

The other hardware component that is required for communications to work on a network is the networking device, such as the hub, switch, router and even the modem.

The function of these devices is generally to control the flow of data on a network.

NETWORK SOFTWARE

How do computers communicate on a network?

Once we have got the necessary hardware set up for a network, we will need to have suitable software on the network computers that would be able to provide some basic functions, such as connecting to other computers on the network, sharing resources and files and providing for network security for users who are online.

In general, a network software must be able to handle networking protocols and connections within the network and with other networks. Most importantly, it should also provide file systems functions to organise disk space on the network computers for sharing purposes.

Since most computer networks are connected to the Internet, a network software must have some form of management and security services to protect the network as well as computers on the network, from unauthorised access.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE: ADVANCED FEATURES OF PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

Networking and communications technology is fast changing the way people view society and how we plan our daily social activities.

Through networking technology alone, many today are finding friends online, visiting a library in another country. Some people are able to go to the banks after they are closed, as well as getting the latest development in news from within and outside the country.

Mobile communications today is also based on the networking technology. Surfing the internet is not only limited to the desktop computer users but also those who have mobile phones with wireless technology. At present there are more than 7 million such users across the world.

The internet has helped science and medical research progress further as doctors and researchers from anywhere in the world can contribute and cooperate in any problem brought to their attention. Technological solutions can be discovered quickly as individuals come forward to offer their help through the internet.

Homemakers, students, teachers, business people, and almost anyone with access to networked computer go online and continue their path of lifelong education anywhere, anytime.

Organisations and individuals can make connections and establish communications within seconds with people nearby or overseas. Online communities can be formed and important issues and opinions to difficult problems can be discussed without a threatening environment.

All these are now possible because of networks and communications technology.

IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Information is now made easy with the availability of network communications.

In a clinic for example, network communications plays an important part in keeping patients’ database for easy retrieval. Unlike in conventional practice, doctors and nurses have to look for a patient’s personal file from hundreds or maybe thousands of records. With network communication, the clinic saves time and manpower allocation can be effectively planned.

E-Business

E-business or electronic business refers to conducting business transactions on the internet, not only limited to buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners.

E-business supports many types of business transactions, including online shopping, selling and renting. Users can browse the website and choose from the list of items or services to buy. Payment is usually via credit card.

Online Education

With a network connections, online education is made possible. Students at any location around the world can participate in an online classroom, download tutorial questions and submit their assignments.

E-Banking

E-banking or electronic banking is the most popular banking facility nowadays. It handles all types of banking transactions like account management, fund transfer and payments primarily over the internet.

User can pay bills, check the account balance and transfer money to other parties, using e-banking facilities twenty four hours a day and seven days a week.

With e-banking, most of the transactions can be done at home or from the office, thus users save time on traveling and queuing at the bank counters.

Long Distance Communication

Long distance communication is made easy via network availability. Communication is possible via voice, text or video. The cost of having this type of communication is cheaper than making a normal phone call and definitely faster and more effective than corresponding via letters of fax.

In business, important decisions can effectively made through video conference meeting.

ICT F4 : MMedia - 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4

4.1.1 - DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia has been used in many aspects in our lives, for example in the field of business, entertainment and the sciences. “Multimedia” comes from the word “multi” and “media”.“Multi” means various. “Media” refers to any hardware or software used for communicating.

These are some examples of hardware and software that we use in communicating with others.

Examples of hardware are: the radio, television, computer and mobile phone.

Examples of software are: email, Yahoo Messenger, Multimedia Message Service (MMS) and video conferencing.

The usage of text, audio, graphic, video and animation are all involved in

describing media. So, multimedia is the presentation of information by using a combination of text, audio, graphic, video and animation.

4.1.2 – Multimedia in Various Fields

MORE MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Multimedia has played an important role in other fields, such as business, arts, medicine and engineering.

In business, multimedia applications are used in advertising products.

Many companies nowadays develop and distribute catalogues in the form of a CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumers.

In art, artists use multimedia elements by combining drawing and animation.

In medicine, doctors can practice or be trained in performing high-risk

surgery by using virtual surgery.

In engineering, Computer-Aided Design or CAD is used. By using this application, engineers can view the design from many aspects and improve on it before production.

EXTENSION : MULTIMEDIA FOR THOSE WITH LOW VISION

Multimedia applications have greatly benefited those with low vision as it helps them in performing tasks normally in their daily lives.

Users who have vision problems, can use the multimedia for their educational and rehabilitation program to improve their lives.

4.1.3 – Interactivity of Multimedia

INTERACTIVITY

If you use the first multimedia application, the content progresses without you having to control the flow of the movie. Your only control is to press the “play” and the “stop” buttons.

This interaction is called linear interactivity.

On the other hand, the second multimedia application allows you to decide which part you would like to view, or how much you want to know about the content.

This interaction is named non-linear interactivity.

WHAT IS INTERACTIVITY?

Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a multimedia application or program.

How does a user control the content of a multimedia application? The user can use input devices such as a keyboard, joystick, mouse and touch screen to interact with the application through the computer.

The content of the application provided, determines the interactivity for the user. An example is film that does not allow the user to control the content.

Another example is a computer game. It allows the user to use the left and right arrow keys to control the movement of the game.

WHAT IS LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?

In linear interactivity, the user interacts with the multimedia application without controlling the progress of the content.

In other words, the user is a passive receiver of the multimedia content most of the time.

The linear content is usually arranged in sequence. An example of the

multimedia linear content is a movie.

Although a movie uses a combination of audio, graphics and animations,

the user has no control over the sequence of events.

WHAT IS NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY?

Unlike linear interactivity, non-linear interactivity allows the user to interact with the content according to what the user wants from the content. In other words, it is a two-way communication.

The user can control the progress and sequence of the multimedia content by using buttons or links.

Non-linear interactivity uses tools like “hypertext” to connect a word or a phrase to another screen.

An electronic book with links to another screen is considered as having

non-linear multimedia content.

Hypermedia is also used in non-linear interactivity. This tool is similar to hypertext. However, it connects to different media elements such as audio and video.

EXTENSION : NON-LINEAR INTERACTIVITY AND VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual Reality is the best example of multimedia technology which uses non-linear interactivity.

Advanced virtual reality systems today allow users to respond and interact in many ways to its virtual surroundings.

In learning Geography, virtual reality can recreate places and environment for you to interact with. Viewing exploration programs, like Discovery and Animal Planet will be even more interesting.

This is because you will be able to enter different environments virtually and interact with your surroundings. You can learn at your own pace and level of understanding.

4.1.4 – Medium of Delivery

COMMON MEDIUMS

Generally, there are two very common mediums used in delivering multimedia contents.

First, multimedia can be delivered through Web pages. Thus, this kind of content is said to be a Web-based multimedia.

Secondly, multimedia can be delivered through compact discs. Therefore, the multimedia content is said to be a CD-based multimedia.

WEB-BASED MULTIMEDIA

Web-based multimedia is a combination of multimedia technology and Internet technology. Web-based multimedia is popular nowadays.

In the past, Web pages were filled only with static texts and graphics as there were problems in downloading large multimedia files through the Internet.

Downloading a video file could take a long time as it is large.

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN THE INTERNET

Now, with the advancement of both technologies, most Web pages

integrate elements like text, graphic, audio, video and animation.

These dynamic elements make the process of distributing information through the Internet more interesting and effective to the user.

There are a lot of multimedia software including plug-ins, players and

browsers used in the Internet. These software allow better quality multimedia programs to be stored and viewed.

Apart from using the software, the quality of a multimedia program received will still depend on the Internet facilities that the user has.

CD-BASED MULTIMEDIA

CDs like CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) have been used to store and deliver multimedia content.

CDs are usually used with computers. An improvement of the CD-ROM is the Blu-ray disc which can store better quality video.

However, the main problem in using CD-ROMs as a medium is that, it can be costly as it takes a long time to produce a complete multimedia program.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEB-BASED AND CD-BASED MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

There are some differences between Web-based and CD-based multimedia applications. Ask your teacher ….

EXTENSION : INTERACTIVE TV

Interactive television is the use of digital television to deliver high definition multimedia content to the user.

When a user wants to watch interactive television content, the user would

download it from the Internet.

An example of interactive television is Apple TV. In order to subscribe to Apple TV services, a client needs to have a widescreen TV, a Mac or a PC, an Internet connection, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) cable and the software, iTunes 7.

Interactive TV or iTV does not only allow users to change channels but also to interact with the content of a tv program.

PERHATIAN - GURU SMKASR

Kepada semua guru As-Sharifah ..
Satu kursus / in-house training akan diadakan pada ketentuan berikut :
Tarikh : Khamis (28 Ogos 2008)
Masa : 2.30 petang
Tempat : Makmal Komputer Al-Farabi (atas)
Tajuk : Blog (Blogspot)
Fasilitator : Abdul Aziz b Mohd Yunos, Murnizah Mokhtarudin, Maslizah Aziz.
Semua guru digalakkan (diwajibkan ?) hadir.
Sekian, terima kasih.

ICTL-F2 : CYBER LAW

What is Cyber Law?

Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and other online communication technologies.

NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW

In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of

government data placed on the Internet.

These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in online activities.

THE CYBER LAW ACTS IN MALAYSIA

The Malaysian Government has already passed several cyber laws to control and reduce the Internet abuse.

These cyber laws include:

· Digital Signature Act 1997

· Computer Crimes Act 1997

· Telemedicine Act 1997

· Communications and Multimedia Act 1998

Beside these cyber laws, there are three other cyber laws being drafted.

· Private Data Protection Bill

· Electronic Government Activities Bill

· Electronic Transactions Bill

F1 : ICTL TEST 3 - 2008

ICTL TEST 3 (FORM 1) will be on :
Tuesday (12 August 2008)
Time : 8.15 pm
Place : As-Sharifah Hall
Please bring pencil and eraser only. All answers must be stated in the question paper.
Good luck.